Microbial Growth – Kinetics First Order ( FE 206 – Lecture 4 )

FE-206 Food Microbiology1

Spring 2016

LECTURE4
Microbial Growth – Kinetics First Order
First Order Kinetics

Food microbiology is concerned with all phases

Of microbial growth (lag,log, stationary, death phase).Growth curves are normally plotted as the number of cells on a log scale or log10 cell number versus time.

Table First order kinetics to describe exponential growth and inactivation
Growth Kinetics

g can be calculated by

g=t/n=(0.3 t)/”log10N-log10N0 “

Example: Initial population is 103 CFU/ml and incerased to 106 cells in 300 min. What is generation time?

g=”0.3∗300″ /(6-3)=30 min or you can first calculate µ and then calculate g.

2.3log(N/N0)= µ t µ =0.023min-1 and g=0.693/ µ

g=30.13 min

µ can be obtained by slope of straight line when the log numbers of the cell is plotted against time.

Ex:Ground meat manufactured with N0=1.2*104 CFU/g.

How long it be held at 7°C before reaching a level of 108CFU/g (for µ=0.025 h-1)

N=N0eµt

108 =1.2*104e0.025t

t=361.12 h

Death Kinetics-

Killing can be by heat, radiation,acid,bacteriocin and other lethal agents is also governed by first order kinetics.

D value=amount of time required to reduce N0 by 90% is the most frequently used constant.

The relationship between k and temperature is explained by arrhenius equation

k=A eEa/RT

Z value

Zvalue= a number of degees required to change in the D values by a factor 10, or

It is the temperature required for one log10 reduction in the D-value.

z-value is used to determine the time values with different D-values at different temperatures with its equation shown below:

where T is temperature in °F or °C.

This D-value is affected by pH of the product where low pH has faster D values on various foods. The D-value at an unknown temperature can be calculated [1] knowing the D-value at a given temperature provided the Z-value is known.

For example: If Dvaue at 121 °C is 1.5 min and z value is 10 °C. The D value at 131 °C will be 0.15 min.

Importance of Being small size

(Surface area)/volume=(4πr^2)/(4/3 πr^3 )=3/r high ratio

Cell mass is close to cell surface, no circulatory metabolism are required and this limits the size of bacteria to microscopic dimensions.

As the cell size increases, the s/v ratio decreases, which adversely affects the transport of nutrients into and end-products out of the cell.

Microbial Growth Characteristics in Foods

1.Competition

2.Metabiotic Growth

3.Symbiotic Growth

4.Synergistic Growth

5.Commensalism

6.Antagonistic Growth

7.Predation

1.Competition

Energy and nutrient sources are often present in limiting concentrations; microorganisms compete each other for nutrients and results in exclusion of slower growing species.

Foods contain a mixed population of microorganisms. Competition among the different kinds of microorganisms in food determines which one will outgrow the others and cause its characteristics types of changes.

2. Metabiotic (Sequential) Growth

Different types of microorganism present normally in foods, but the predominant types can change with time during storage.

Ex: If the food is packaged in a bag with a little bit of air(e.g. ground meat),the aerobes will grow first and utilize O2. The environment will become anaerobic, in which anaerobes grow favorably.

Ex: In most food fermentations metabiotic growth is observed.

In Sauerkraut fermentation,4 different bacterial species grow in succession, one creating the favorable conditions for the next one.

First ,coliform grow produce acid and activate the growth of lactic acid bacteria.

second, Leuconoctoc mesenteroides ;

third Lb. plantarum

Last, acid tolerant Lb. brevis

3.Symbiotic Growth

Two or more microorganisms help one another during growth in food.

In yogurt;there are two types of lactic acid bacteria.

S. thermophilus

2.Lb. bulgaricus

thermophilus produces small quantities of formic acid and stimulates Lb. Bulgaricus.

Lb. bulgaricus produce aminoacid inturn these products stimulate the growth Str. thermophilus

4.Synergistic Growth

When two types of microorganism grow together and may able to bring changes which could not produce alone.

Acetaldehyde is desirable flavor component in yogurt.

thermophilus produce 8 ppm Acetaldehyde

Lb. bulgaricus produce 10 ppm Acetaldehyde in milk independently,when they grow together, they produce 30ppm Acetaldehyde .

5.Commensalism

Microorganisms may not effect each other but one organisms uses the substrate whic isproduced by other.

For ex: cellulose hydrolyzing microorganisms produce glucose and cellulose non hydrolyzing micoorganims use this glucose.

One population benefits while latter remain unaffected.

6.Antagonistic Growth

Microorganisms can adversely affect each other, one kill the other. Some Gr(+) bacteria produce antimicrobial components that can kill many other types.

For ex: L. lactis ssp. lactis produce bacteriocin called nisin and inhibits Gr(-)bacteria.

FE-206 Food Microbiology1

Spring 2016

LECTURE4

Microbial Growth – Kinetics First Order

First Order Kinetics

Food microbiology is concerned with all phases

Of microbial growth (lag,log, stationary, death phase).Growth curves are normally plotted as the number of cells on a log scale or log10 cell number versus time.

Table First order kinetics to describe exponential growth and inactivation

Growth Kinetics

g can be calculated by

g=t/n=(0.3 t)/”log10N-log10N0 “

Example: Initial population is 103 CFU/ml and incerased to 106 cells in 300 min. What is generation time?

g=”0.3∗300″ /(6-3)=30 min or you can first calculate µ and then calculate g.

2.3log(N/N0)= µ t µ =0.023min-1 and g=0.693/ µ

g=30.13 min

µ can be obtained by slope of straight line when the log numbers of the cell is plotted against time.

Ex:Ground meat manufactured with N0=1.2*104 CFU/g.

How long it be held at 7°C before reaching a level of 108CFU/g (for µ=0.025 h-1)

N=N0eµt

108 =1.2*104e0.025t

t=361.12 h

Death Kinetics-

Killing can be by heat, radiation,acid,bacteriocin and other lethal agents is also governed by first order kinetics.

D value=amount of time required to reduce N0 by 90% is the most frequently used constant.

The relationship between k and temperature is explained by arrhenius equation

k=A eEa/RT

Z value

Zvalue= a number of degees required to change in the D values by a factor 10, or

It is the temperature required for one log10 reduction in the D-value.

z-value is used to determine the time values with different D-values at different temperatures with its equation shown below:

where T is temperature in °F or °C.

This D-value is affected by pH of the product where low pH has faster D values on various foods. The D-value at an unknown temperature can be calculated [1] knowing the D-value at a given temperature provided the Z-value is known.

For example: If Dvaue at 121 °C is 1.5 min and z value is 10 °C. The D value at 131 °C will be 0.15 min.

Importance of Being small size

(Surface area)/volume=(4πr^2)/(4/3 πr^3 )=3/r high ratio

Cell mass is close to cell surface, no circulatory metabolism are required and this limits the size of bacteria to microscopic dimensions.

As the cell size increases, the s/v ratio decreases, which adversely affects the transport of nutrients into and end-products out of the cell.

Microbial Growth Characteristics in Foods

1.Competition

2.Metabiotic Growth

3.Symbiotic Growth

4.Synergistic Growth

5.Commensalism

6.Antagonistic Growth

7.Predation

1.Competition

Energy and nutrient sources are often present in limiting concentrations; microorganisms compete each other for nutrients and results in exclusion of slower growing species.

Foods contain a mixed population of microorganisms. Competition among the different kinds of microorganisms in food determines which one will outgrow the others and cause its characteristics types of changes.

2. Metabiotic (Sequential) Growth

Different types of microorganism present normally in foods, but the predominant types can change with time during storage.

Ex: If the food is packaged in a bag with a little bit of air(e.g. ground meat),the aerobes will grow first and utilize O2. The environment will become anaerobic, in which anaerobes grow favorably.

Ex: In most food fermentations metabiotic growth is observed.

In Sauerkraut fermentation,4 different bacterial species grow in succession, one creating the favorable conditions for the next one.

First ,coliform grow produce acid and activate the growth of lactic acid bacteria.

second, Leuconoctoc mesenteroides ;

third Lb. plantarum

Last, acid tolerant Lb. brevis

3.Symbiotic Growth

Two or more microorganisms help one another during growth in food.

In yogurt;there are two types of lactic acid bacteria.

S. thermophilus

2.Lb. bulgaricus

thermophilus produces small quantities of formic acid and stimulates Lb. Bulgaricus.

Lb. bulgaricus produce aminoacid inturn these products stimulate the growth Str. thermophilus

4.Synergistic Growth

When two types of microorganism grow together and may able to bring changes which could not produce alone.

Acetaldehyde is desirable flavor component in yogurt.

thermophilus produce 8 ppm Acetaldehyde

Lb. bulgaricus produce 10 ppm Acetaldehyde in milk independently,when they grow together, they produce 30ppm Acetaldehyde .

5.Commensalism

Microorganisms may not effect each other but one organisms uses the substrate whic isproduced by other.

For ex: cellulose hydrolyzing microorganisms produce glucose and cellulose non hydrolyzing micoorganims use this glucose.

One population benefits while latter remain unaffected.

6.Antagonistic Growth

Microorganisms can adversely affect each other, one kill the other. Some Gr(+) bacteria produce antimicrobial components that can kill many other types.

For ex: L. lactis ssp. lactis produce bacteriocin called nisin and inhibits Gr(-)bacteria.

III. Chemical Changes Caused my microorganisms

1.Changes in nitrogenous organic compounds

2.Changes in organic carbon compounds

a) Carbohydrates