Enzimler
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Fırın Ürünlerinde Hemiselülaz Enziminin Kullanılması
FIRIN ÜRÜNLERİNDE HEMİSELÜLAZ ENZİMİNİN KULLANIMI TAHIL ÜRÜNLERİ İŞLEME TEKNOLOJİSİ 2011 ENZİMLER Enzimler, canlı hücreler tarafından sentezlenen protein yapılı biyolojik katalizörlerdir. Organik ve inorganik olabilen enzimler her reaksiyon için spesifiktir, bu özelliği sayesinde sadece belli reaksiyonlara etki edebilmekte ve hızlanmasını sağlamaktadır. Enzimler, doğal olarak, mikroorganizma fermantasyonu sağlanarak ya da bitki ve hayvanların ekstrakte edilmesiyle elde edilebilmektedir. Enzimin özellikleri(pH, sıcaklık, hız) üretildiği kaynağa göre de değişmektedir. Gıdalarda enzimler bir çok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Meyve ve sebze teknolojisinde kullanılan; pektinazlar, polifenol oksidaz, lipoksigenaz, süt teknolojisinde; rennin, pepsin proteaz, lipaz, fırıncılık ürünlerinde; amilaz, hemiselülaz, lipoksigenaz,…
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Glukoneogenez
GLUKONEOGENEZ 1. SUBSTRATLARI VE GLIKOLIZLE ILIŞKISI 2. GLIKOLIZDEKI IRREVERSIBL BASAMAKLARIN BYPASSI 3. KARACIĞER GLUKONEOGENEZ VE KAS/RBC/BEYIN GLIKOLIZI ARASINDA BAĞLANTI CORI VE ALANINE DÖNGÜLERI GLUKO NEO GENEZ GLUKONEOGENEZ BÜYÜK ORANDA KARACIĞERDE, BIRAZ RENAL KORTEKSTE 10 ENZIMATIK BASAMAĞIN 7’SI GLIKOLITIK REAKSIYONLARIN TERSIDIR GLUKONEOGENEZIN SUBSTRATLARI LAKTAT PIRUVAT AMINO ASITLER GLISEROL PROPIONAT LAKTAT GLUKONEOGENEZDE EN FAZLA KULLANILAN SUBSTRATTIR. ANAEROBIK GLIKOLIZ SIRASINDA PIRUVAT LAKTAT DEHIDROGENAZLA LAKTATA ÇEVRILIR. BU HEM GA3PD REAKSIYONU IÇIN NAD SAĞLAR, HEM DE LAKTAT KANA GEÇIP KC’DE GLUKOZA ÇEVRILIR. GLUKOZ TEKRAR KASA GELIP ENERJI KAYNAĞI OLARAK KULLANILIR. (CORI DÖNGÜSÜ) CORI DÖNGÜSÜ GLUKOZ…
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Laboratory > Determination of Proteins
PURPOSE To gain knowledge about the methods for protein determination and determination of protein content of a solution by using Biuret method. PROCEDURE A series solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was prepared with different concentrations from 0 to 10 mg/ml. These concentrations were prepared by using stock solution of 10 mg/ml BSA and distilled water. Firstly a blank solution was prepared by using 0 ml BSA and 1 ml distilled water to be used for calibration of spectrophotometer. Then 0,8 ml distilled water was added to 0,2 ml BSA and 2 mg/ml solution was…
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Laboratory > Determination of Proteins v1
A protein in solution can be quantitatively assayed by several spectrophotometric methods. Most methods are based on binding of a chromophore to specific amino acids or bonds in the protein. The resulting color development can be detected at some wavelength of visible light. The usable range of protein concentrations is determined by the sensitivity of the assay and the relationship between absorbance (A) and protein concentration. A plot of absorbance vs. protein concentration will be linear over a limited range of protein concentration depending on the protein and the Biuret method used. The Biuret method is…
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Laboratory > Dialysis
In this experiment we observed the dialysis. The principle of dialysis is that the small molecules can penetrate through the pores of semi-permeable membrane toward the buffer solution while large molecules cannot. By using this method we separated glucose from starch and cystein from Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). So the small molecules (glucose and cystein) were collected in buffer side and large molecules (starch and BSA) were kept in the bag. Then we tested the buffer solutions and the solutions in the bag with the reagents to decide if the separation process was completed successfully or…
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Laboratory > Dialysis v1
Purpose: In this experiment, the dialysis experiment is made. Dialysis is a process that is based on the principle of osmosis, moving from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration. Therefore this laboratory is for observing the enzyme purification. Materials: Dialysis bag, beaker, magnetic stirrer, stirring bar, water, lugol solution, benedict solution, ninhydrin solution, biuret solution, pipette, rope Procedure: Firstly, one dialysis bag was filled with a mixture of consisting of quantities of a 2ml of %40 glucose and 2ml of %5 starch, and other dialysis bag, 2ml %5 BSA and 2ml…
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Laboratory > Gel Filtration Using Sephadex
In this experiment we applied gel filtration of enzyme b using sephadex as column material. This is a chromatographic technique used for protein purification. The principle is based on fractionation of proteins based on the molecular weight or size of protein molecules. In this system when the mixture of the protein is applied at the top of the gel filtration column and washed with buffer solution, depending on molecular exclusion limit of column material, the large protein molecules are excluded from the internal volume and thus leave the column first. The smaller protein molecules are absorbed…
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Laboratory > Gel Filtration Using Sephadex v2
When a mixture of protein applied to the top of the gel filtration column, depending on the molecular exclusion limit of column material. The large protein molecules excluded from the internal volume and thus leave the column first. The smaller protein molecules equilibrate themselves between the external and internal volume and leaves the column later. ….
