Biyokimyasal Mühendislik

Chapter 7 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Agitation and Aeration Introduction BASIC MASS-TRANSFER CONCEPTS The path of gaseous substrate from a gas bubble to an organelle in a microorganism can be divided into several steps as follows: 1. Transfer from bulk gas in a bubble to a relatively unmixed gas layer 2. Diffusion through the relatively unmixed gas layer Molecular Diffusion in Liquids When the concentration of a component varies from one point to another, the component has a tendency to flow in the direction that will reduce the local differences in concentration.…
Chapter 6 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Sterilization INTRODUCTION Most industrial fermentations are carried out as pure cultures in which only selected strains are allowed to grow. If foreign microorganisms exist in the medium or any parts of the equipment, the production organisms have to compete with the contaminants for the limited nutrients. The foreign microorganisms can produce harmful products which can limit the growth of the production organisms. Therefore, before starting fermentation, the medium and all fermentation equipment have to be free from any living organisms, in other words, they have to…
Chapter 5 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Cell Kinetics and Fermenter Design INTRODUCTION Understanding the growth kinetics of microbial, animal, or plant cells is important for the design and operation of fermentation systems employing them. Cell kinetics deals with the rate of cell growth and how it is affected by various chemical and physical conditions. Unlike enzyme kinetics, cell kinetics is the result of numerous complicated networks of biochemical and chemical reactions and transport phenomena, which involves multiple phases and multicomponent systems. The heterogeneous mixture of young and old cells is continuously changing…
Chapter 4 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Metabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics INTRODUCTION A living cell is a complex chemical reactor in which more than 1000 independant enzyme-catalyzed reaction occur. The total of all chemical reaction activities which occur in the cell is called metabolism. Two different type of energy, ligth and chemical, are trapped by inhabitants of the microbial world.The energy obtained from the environment is typically stored and shuttled in convenient high-energy intermadiates such as ATP. The cell uses this energy to perform three types of work: chemical synthesis of large or…
Chapter 3 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Immobilized Enzyme INTRODUCTION Since most enzymes are globular protein, they are soluble in water. Therefore, it is very difficult or imlpractical to separate the enzyme for reuse in a batch process. Enzymes can be immobilized on the surface of or inside of an insoluble matrix either by chemical or physical methods. They can be also immobilized in their soluble forms by retaining them with a semipermeable membrane. A main advantage of immobilized enzyme is that it can be reused since it can be easily separated from…
Chapter 2 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Enzyme Kinetics INTRODUCTION Enzymes are biological catalysts that are protein molecules in nature. They are produced by living cells (animal, plant, and microorganism) and are absolutely essential as catalysts in biochemical reactions. INTRODUCTION Enzyme reactions are different from chemical reactions, as follows: 1. An enzyme catalyst is highly specific, and catalyzes only one or a small number of chemical reactions. A great variety of enzymes exist, which can catalyze a very wide range of reactions. 2. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is usually much faster…
Chapter 1 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Introduction-A Little Microbiology Applications of Microbiology to Foods Ancient Egyptians used fermentation to produce beer and convert grape juice to wine. They also practiced the aerobic conversion of the alcohol in wine to the acetic acid of vinegar, and the leavening of bread. The present practices of using, for example, pectinases for enhanced release of fruit juices from tissue and amylases for the enzymatic modification of starches, are examples involving the indirect application of microorganisms to foods and food components. Applications of Microbiology to Foods The…
Chapter 0 ( Dr. Ali Coşkun DALGIÇ )

FE 462 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Introduction Some definitions…. Biotechnology: use or development of methods of direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable goal. Sometimes a broader definition is used, where biotechnology is applied biology. Biomedical Engineering: engineering on systems to improve human health Bioengineering, biological engineering: work on medical or agricultural systems, draws on electrical, mechanical, industrial and chemical engineers. Biochemical Engineering: extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biocatalyst to bring about desired chemical transformation. GENERALIZED VIEW OF BIOPROCESS TYPICAL BIOPROCESS FLOW SHEET Applications of Biotechnology The basic questions…