Contents
HEAT
Feeling and seeing temperature changes
Classic Dramatic Uses of Temperature-Dependent Effects
The First Thermometer
Newton’s Anonymous Table of Temperatures
Fahrenheit’s Excellent Thermometer
Amontons’ Air Thermometer: Pressure Increases Linearly with Temperature
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Measuring Heat Flow: a Unit of Heat
Specific Heats and Calorimetry
A Connection With Atomic Theory
Latent Heat
THERMAL EXPANSION AND THE GAS LAW
Coefficients of Expansion
Gas Pressure Increase with Temperature
Finding a Natural Temperature Scale
The Gas Law
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
EARLY ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF HEAT
When Heat Flows, What, Exactly is Flowing?
Lavoisier’s Caloric Fluid Theory
The Industrial Revolution and the Water Whee
Measuring Power by Lifting
Carnot’s Caloric Water Wheel
How Efficient are these Machines?
Count Rumford
Rumford’s Theory of Heat
THE DISCOVERY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION: MAYER AND JOULE
Robert Mayer and the Color of Blood
James Joule
But Who Was First: Mayer or Joule?
The Emergence of Energy Conservation
INETIC THEORY OF GASES: A BRIEF REVIEW
Bernoulli’s Picture
The Link between Molecular Energy and Pressure
Maxwell finds the Velocity Distribution
Velocity Space
Maxwell’s Symmetry Argument
What about Potential Energy?
Degrees of Freedom and Equipartition of Energy
Brownian Motion
IDEAL GAS THERMODYNAMICS: SPECIFIC HEATS, ISOTHERMS, ADIABATS
Introduction: the Ideal Gas Model, Heat, Work and Thermodynamics
The Gas Specific Heats C and C
V P Tracking a Gas in the (P, V) Plane: Isotherms and Adiabats
Equation for an Adiabat
…